Techniques For Airflow Rate Measurements

Techniques For Airflow Rate Measurements My company is setting up an experiment to measure the airflow rate in a duct. Airflow measurement techniques are necessary especially in many industries. Some of the common airflow measuring applications include ventilation testing, air balancing, ductwork, air planes and so on. Many research and studies have been put into improving and inventing new equipments to measure air flow. This is so to enable user to get the most accurate result and at the same time using the least cost. This report outlines the different airflow measurement techniques and devices that are available today. There are many different types and ways to measure air flow but I will concentrate on those that are more popular and commonly used. They are the Pitot-tube, Orifice plate, Venturi meter, Cup anemometer, Sphere anemometer and Hot-Wire anemometer. Techniques and devices for airflow rate measurements 2.1 Pitot tube A pitot-static tube is used in wind tunnel experiments and on airplanes to measure the air flow rate. It is also used in many industrial applications. It was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 1700s and was later modified to its modern form in the mid 1800s by French scientist Henry Darcy. It is a slender tube that has two holes on it (Figure 1). The front hole is placed in the airstream to measure whats called the stagnation pressure. The side hole measures the static pressure. By measuring the difference between these pressures, we are able to get the dynamic pressure that can be used to calculate the air velocity. By Bernoullis principle, Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure Solving that for velocity we get: Where V: fluid velocity; pt: stagnation or total pressure; ps: static pressure; à Ã‚ : fluid density Figure 1: Pitot-Static Tube The incorporation of sensors to measure the air temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity can further increase the accuracy of the velocity and flow measurements. The Pitot tube can also measure the velocity with the use of a pressure transducer that generates an electrical signal which is proportional to the difference between the pressures generated by the total pressure and the static pressure. The volumetric flow is then calculated by measuring the average velocity of an air stream passing through a passage of a known diameter. When measuring volumetric flow, the passage of a known diameter must be designed to reduce air turbulence as the air mass flows over the Pitot tube. To obtain an estimate of the volumetric flow in the duct from a series of pitot-static tube velocity measurements, one must integrate the velocity over the duct area. There are many of different methods for approximating the above integral. One of the methods is to divide the duct cross-section into a number of equal area sectors, and then measure the average velocity at the center of each sectors. For example, we can divide the cross-section of the duct in the figure below: The velocity will be by calculating the sum: 2.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of using pitot-static tube is that it can be inserted in small airstream and it presents little resistance to flow. It is simple, inexpensive and suited for a variety of environmental conditions including extremely high temperatures and a wide range of pressures. The disadvantages would be that if the flow rate is low, the difference in pressures will be too small to accurately measure with the transducer. If the air flow is high (supersonic), assumptions of Bernoullis equation will be violated and thus leading us to wrong measurement. Furthermore, if the tubes are clogged, the reading by the transducer will be inaccurate resulting in dire consequence in the context on airplane. Icing of the pitot tube had caused plane to crash. 2.2 Orifice Plate Orifice plate is used for flow rate measuring in pipe systems. An orifice plate is placed in a pipe containing a fluid flow, which constricts the smooth flow of the fluid inside the pipe. By restricting the flow, the orifice meter causes a pressure drop across the plate. By measuring the difference between the two pressures across the plate, the orifice meter determines the flow rate through the pipe. Figure 2: Orifice Plate in a duct Applying Bernoullis equation to a streamline flowing down the axis of the tube gives, Where, P: pressure à Ã‚ : density of the fluid V: Velocity of the fluid As shown in the above diagram(Figure 2), point 1 is upstream of the orifice, and point 2 is behind the orifice. It is recommended that point 1 be positioned one pipe diameter upstream of the orifice, and point 2 be positioned one-half pipe diameter downstream of the orifice. Since the pressure at 1 will be higher than the pressure at point 2, the pressure difference will be a positive quantity. From continuity equation, the velocities can be replaced by cross-sectional areas of the flow and the volumetric flow rate Q, Where, A: cross sectional area Solving for the volumetric flow rate Q gives, The above equation remains true with perfectly laminar, inviscid flows. As for real flows like water or air, we have to take into account of the viscosity and turbulence that are present .To account for this effect, a discharge coefficient Cd is introduced into the above equation to marginally reduce the flow rate Q, Since the actual flow profile at point 2 downstream of the orifice is quite complicated, the following substitution introducing a flow coefficient Cf is made, Where, Ao: area of the orifice As a result, the volumetric flow rate Q for real flows is given by the equation, The flow coefficient Cf is found from experiments and is tabulated in reference books. It ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 for most orifices. Since it depends on the orifice and pipe diameters (as well as the Reynolds Number), one will often find Cf tabulated versus the ratio of orifice diameter to inlet diameter, sometimes defined as b, The mass flow rate can be found by multiplying Q with the fluid density, There are mainly 3 different types of orifice plates. They are Concentric, Segmental and Eccentric. This is to accommodate for different applications so that the meter has the optimum structure. The density and viscosity of the fluid, and the shape and width of the pipe do influence the choice of plate shape to be used. The concentric orifice is the most common of the 3 types. In this design, the orifice is equidistant. It is generally used for clean liquid and gas flow in pipes under six inches, where Reynolds numbers range from 20, 000 to 107. We will therefore use concentric orifice for our experiment purposes. ( which deals with air). Segmental orifice is similar to concentric orifice with regard to its functioning. The circular section is concentric with the pipe while the segmental part is mounted in a horizontal pipe. This installation helps to eliminate of foreign materials on the upstream side of the orifice. Eccentric orifice plates are designed in such a way that the edge of the orifice is reallocated towards the interior of the pipe wall. It is used in similar manner as the segmental orifice plate. Figure 3 below shows the different types of orifice plates: 2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages With no moving parts and a simple design, the orifice is easily machined. It is low lost and can be easily inserted into a duct or an existing pipeline with a minimum alteration to the layout. Therefore orifice plate has been a popular device for flow measurement. The disadvantage is that it creates a rather large non-recoverable pressure due to the turbulence around the plate, leading to high energy consumption (Foust, 1981). 2.3 Venturi meter Most of the unrecoverable loss of pressure with an orifice is due to the sudden change in the cross sectional area. The sudden increase of area after the air passes the section of minimum area: the rapid convergence of the stream on the upstream side contributes considerably to the total loss. We are able to recover most of the pressure by leading the stream with the use of a conical length of pipe, with its smaller end of the same cross section as the jet, and gradually expanding in size along the direction of flow until the full pipe diameter is reached. An arrangement of this kind, with a conical entry is known as a venturi tube. The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746-1822), an Italian physicist. A venturi meter consists of a cylindrical length, a converging length with an included angle of 20o or more, and short parallel throat, and a diverging section with an included angle of about 6o. The internal finishes and proportions are designed in such a way to enable us to achieve the most accurate readings while ensuring minimum head losses. Assuming that the fluid is inviscid with no losses due to viscosity, the velocity at section 1 and 2 are V 1 and V 2 respectively. The velocities are steady and uniform over areas A 1 and A 2 Applying Bernoullis equation to a streamline passing along the axis between the two sections ( 1 2 ). Where, V:Velocity of the fluid P: Pressure à Ã‚ : density of the fluid Z: Height Using continuity equation, Q = A1 V 1 = A 2 V 2 When real world effects such as fluid friction and turbulence are included a correction factor, called the coefficient of discharge, Cd is introduced into the venturi equation giving For low viscosity fluids C d = 0,98. 2.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages The venturi tube introduces substantially lower non-recoverable pressure drops (Foust, 1981). Therefore venture tube can be used on more viscous fluid. However it has limited range ability. It must be used only on installations where the flow rate is well known and varies less than 3 to 1. It is rather expensive and should be flow calibrated to provide accuracy into the range of +/- 1.00%, Units are big and weigh more than comparable head devices and thus making it difficult to install and inspect. 2.4 Anemometer An anemometer, also known as wind vane is a device for measuring the air flow rate in a contained flow such as duct or unconfined flow. The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind. In around 1450, the Italian art architect Leon Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer which consisted of a disk placed perpendicular to the wind. To determine the velocity, an anemometer detects change in some physical property of the fluid or the effect of the fluid on a mechanical device inserted into the flow. They are probably best used mounted on light, preferably streamlined, supports and inserted into the airstream from one side. 2.4.1 Cup anemometer This device consists of three or four hemispherical cups mounted at the ends of horizontal spokes which rotates about a low-friction vertical shaft. An electrical device is used to record the revolutions of the cups and measures the air flow rate. (Figure below) As the anemometer is placed inside the flow stream, the concave surfaces of the cups have higher wind resistance than their convex counterparts and thus producing an unbalanced moment with respect to the center axis. This forces the cups to rotate (see schematic). Under steady flow condition, the rotational speed of the anemometer is directly related to the wind speed, that is: V=rw. There are number of fundamental physical parameters and characteristics of an anemometer that affects the cup anemometer performance. They are: rotor arm length cup area rotor inertia drag coefficient on convex face of cup drag coefficient on concave face of cup static, dynamic and parabolic mechanical friction coefficients for temperature range sensitivity characteristic to out-of-plane attack linearised calibration curve. A well designed cup anemometer should have the following characteristics as shown in the Figure 4 below: Let us examine a cup anemometer rotating at speed w in a free wind speed U: The instantaneous aerodynamic torque on the rotor, MA, is given by: where A: frontal area of the anemometer r: the air density Cdv : drag coefficients for the concave faces of cup Cdx drag coefficients for the convex faces of cup In the steady state, there is perfect torque balance (MA=0), and the equation reduces to: defining l and  µ as the speed and drag ratios respectively: allows further re-expression in a quadratic form: Typical values of Cdv and Cdx are 1.4 and 0.4 respectively, giving a value of  µ of 3.5. The above equation predicts that the consequential speed ratio l will be 0.303, meaning the rotor will rotate at about one third of the wind speed. Note that this solution also proves the theoretically linear sensitivity of the cup anemometer to wind speed. It also shows that the speed ratio is dependent on the drag characteristics of the cup and not the size. Furthermore, the rotational speed is inversely proportional to rotor radius. 2.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages The advantages of the cups are their reliability and ruggedness. The disadvantages are the relatively high threshold velocity (the minimum wind velocity needed to start the cups to turn). It is mainly used to only measure the horizontal component of the wind. Another problem with cup anemometry is the different response time for increasing and decreasing wind velocities due to its moment of inertia. This results in an overestimation of wind speed under turbulent wind conditions as present in nature, the so-called over-speeding. Additionally, the rotation of the anemometer causes a wear of bearing and leads to a recalibrations with time. 2.5 Sphere anemometer Many research and studies have gone into the improving of such a device (Cup anemometer). For example, the sphere anemometer. It was developed at the University of Oldenburg. This sphere anemometer, as shown in figure 4 below, is able to measure the air flow rate as well as simultaneous detection of the air flow direction. It eliminates the problem of wear of bearing as encountered in cup anemometer. Figure 5: The sphere anemometer uses the relationship between the point force F acting on the tip of a rod and its resulting deflection s. (1) Where l: the length of the rod E: the elasticity modulus Ja: the second moment of area. In case of the sphere anemometer, with a sphere radius r much bigger than the radius of the rod rR, the force can be assumed to act only on the tip. The second moment of area is then given by (2) Together with the force acting on the sphere (3) where cd: the drag coefficient of the sphere A: the cross section of the sphere ÃŽÂ ¡: the density of air V: the wind velocity Equation 1 becomes (4) Therefore the deflection of the rod is proportional to the drag coefficient cd and the wind velocity squared. For a calibration it is necessary to know how the drag coefficient cd changes with wind velocities. Table 1 below shows the drag coefficient of a sphere plotted against the Reynolds number (Re) (cf [1]). It can be seen that for Reynolds numbers in the range from about 800 to 200000 the change in drag coefficient cd is negligible. For a sphere with a radius r = 40mm this range in Re corresponds to a range in wind velocities from 0.17m/s to 38m/s using where v = 1.51 x 10-5 m2/s is the kinematic viscosity of air. Within this velocity range the deflection s of the rod is directly proportional to the wind velocity squared. With this direct relation it is easy to calibrate the sphere anemometer over a wide range of wind velocities. Table 1: 2.6 Hot wire anemometer Thermal anemometry is the most common method used to measure instantaneous fluid velocity. The technique depends on the convective heat loss to the surrounding fluid from an electrically heated sensing element or probe. If only the fluid velocity varies, then the heat loss can be interpreted as a measure of that variable. Working Principle Its principle application is the measurement of rapid fluctuations, particularly the study of turbulent flow; in this field it is the only instrument with sufficiently rapid response, and the associated electronic equipment lends itself readily to signal processing needed to record directly such properties of a turbulence as r.m.s values, correlation functions, and spectral distributions. Governing equation Consider a thin heated wire mounted to supports and exposed to a velocity U Where, W: power generated by Joule heating (W=I2Rw) Q: heat transferred to surrounding Qi: CwTw=thermal energy stored in wire Cw: heat capacity of wire Tw: wire temperature The wire is heated electrically and placed in the flow stream. The energy balance of the heated wire at equilibrium is (equation 1): Where, I: an electric current Rw: the wire resistance h: the heat transfer coefficient A: the heat transfer area Tw: the wire temperature Tf: the fluid temperature D: wire diameter Kf: heat conductivity of fluid Nu: dimensionless heat transfer In the forced convection regime (0.02 Reynolds number: Re= (where r is the air density and U is the velocity and  µ is the air dynamic viscosity).(equation 2) Where Substituted Eq(2) into Eq(1), There are two types of hot-wire anemometer used in practice but I will touch on Constant Temperature Anemometer which is more commonly used. For a case of Constant Temperature Anemometer Where And The voltage is a measured of velocity U. 2.6.1 Advantages and disadvantages It has good frequency response as it can measure up to several hundred kHz possible. It is able to measure a wide range of velocity. It is small in size and has rapid response.- Thermal anemometry enjoys its popularity because the technique involves the use of very small probes that offer very high spatial resolution. The basic principles of the technique are relatively straightforward and the probes are difficult to damage if reasonable care is taken. However, deposition of impurities in flow on sensor can alter the calibration characteristics and reduce frequency response. Probe may or burnt out easily if not carefully taken care of. It is unable to fully map velocity fields that depend on space coordinates and simultaneously on time. Furthermore, it cannot work well in hostile environment like combustion. The wire diameter needs to be very small of the order of 0.02mm or less. Conclusion In this report, I have touched on the different techniques and different devices for the measurement of airflow. There are many different devices in the market but many use similar techniques with abit of new inventions or add ons here and there. Different airflow measuring devices utilize different technologies and thus, one needs to fully understand the characteristics, techniques and its pros and cons before selecting the optimal one for use. In summary, an ideal device to measure air flow rate should have the following characteristics good signal sensitivity. It should be able to detect output for small changes in velocity. High Frequency Response: to accurately follow transients without any time lag Wide velocity range Create minimal flow disturbance Good Spatial Resolution Inexpensive High Accuracy User friendly

Cult Media Is Defined By Leading Media Essay

Cult Media Is Defined By Leading Media Essay The term cult media is defined by leading cult media theorists, Sara Gwenllian-Jones and Roberta Pearson to mean any text that is considered off-beat or edgy, that draws a niche audience, that has a nostalgia appeal, that is considered emblematic of a particular subculture, or that is considered hip (ix). For over a century, cult media in the form of films have played an important role in our lives, entertaining us, often provoking conversation and debate. Joining films in the cult media stakes was the rise of television in the 1950s which added to the spread of cult media. A pivotal moment in cult media was the release of the film, The Rocky Horror Picture Show in 1975. This film changed the publics perception of cult media and how people related to it. Since then the internet and online social media have completely changed the way cult media has evolved and been received. My thesis statement is that eventhough there have been significant changes that have impacted on the production, distribution and reception of cult media since that pivotal moment of Rocky Horror it still remains extremely popular. This is because it often deviates from accepted societal norms. It touches on religion, sex, politics, ethnic backgrounds and other topics that many people regard as controversial (Hills 21). These themes are all still today what Gwenllian-Jones and Pearson term off-beat and edgy. They allow cult media to transcend significant changes and generations and are the reason why cult media continues to grow in popularity (Jancovich, et al; Mathijs and Mendik; Stadler and McWilliam). Three significant changes that have impacted on the production, distribution and reception of films, television, and other new and emerging media was firstly the internet, secondly technological changes such as digitalisation (the shift to digital cinema) and thirdly, the rise of the cult media audience and the incredible rise in the fanatical devotion to cult media texts (FANDOM) and the user-revolution of alternative films and TV shows cult media attracts a particular kind of devotional investment and fetishisation (Hills 511). The first change was the internet which has certainly changed the way cult media is viewed. Especially since the introduction in 2006-2007 of higher download speeds on broadband internet. People can now view and download films and TV shows through peer to peer file sharing, streamed from video tape and DVD via sites like YouTube, bitTorrent and DixXCrawler. This has expanded the opportunities for potential audiences to gain access to films which already have a cult reputation, as well as to discover and create new cult reputations. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, for example, it tended to be the case that cult reputations were forged within major metropolitan areas: it was in such areas that repertory theaters, for example, could be found. For those who did not have easy access to such areas the chances of finding films outside of the mainstream was very difficult (Klinger; Telotte; Tryon). Now, however, with abundant information freely available on the Web, as well as the huge number of films released on DVD and available over the Internet, many more people can gain access to a range of different cult titles wherever they are geographically located. This may make it increasingly likely that cult reputations are forged outside of a theatrical release. With the internet FANDOM and other devotees can more easily access the works of current leading independent filmmakers like Jim Jarmusch, Wes Anderson, Lynne Ramsay and Victor Nunez. The second change was the introduction of different and multiple distribution streams which allow for more cult media to exist. Emerging technologies that facilitate the production, distribution and promotion of small, offbeat films. Traditional distribution models have been challenged by new media entrepreneurs and independent film makers, user-generated videos, film blogs, mash-ups, downloads, and other expanding social networks like Facebook (Klinger 13; Lavery). With a video or digital camera, a computer, editing software and an internet connection, anyone can make and upload a film of virtually any length to a personal Web site or a searchable public domain such as YouTube. There has been continuing convergence between film and TV because of the advances in digital technology. Image and sound quality and even viewing contexts and audience experiences are moving closer together in many instances with digitalisation having a significant impact on all screen media (Hartley; Klinger ; Stadler and McWilliam). New distribution models firstly video, then DVD, then high speed internet download have given an extra lease of life to old horror and cringe-worth B-films that might otherwise have languished in obscurity. It is Hollywoods version of the long tail where the web fuels endless small cults that add up to a massive audience (Lavery, 20). Thirdly, there has been a dramatic shift from viewing in a picture theatre to viewing in small, private groups in a hall or function room or at home alone. Devotees do not have to go to the cinema anymore. This shift has significant ramifications for cult viewership. There is the loss of sharing the particular cult media with others in a cinema. Now it has been replaced by online chat rooms and Facebook sites (Scone; Stadler and McWilliam). Its hard to imagine the Rocky Horror  cult developing the way it did with its outlandish costumes, spirited shout-outs and dancing in the aisles in the absence of communal showings in a theatre (Lavery; Telotte). Home consumption of the cult film or cult film-in-embryo may allow for the proliferation of interpretations in the absence of the disciplining presence of other cultists. What is diminished are possibilities for engaged spectatorship a kind of creative and communal participation in the life-world of the cult film (Hills, 41). Now, with the rise of digital cinema, audiences often encounter films outside the theater and even outside the home on their way to work or at the beach. The cult media audience can now utilise all manner of ways to access films and TV shows. The FANDOM audience has become interactive as social media allows for DIY (do-it-yourself) film criticism and analysis. Film blogging is a very important aspect of the production, distribution and reception of cult media. Devoted fans are continuing in greater numbers to use DIY production activities such as uploading reviews and videos. This is spurring on participation in alternative cult media (Caldwell; Hills; Lavery). Finally, there is the continuing convergence between cult film and cult television. Cult media experts Professors Ernest Matijs and Xavier Mendik argue that the fanatical devotion by fans to film franchises like Star Wars, Lord of the Rings and, Pirates of the Caribbean have made them both mainstream and cult classics. As Doctor Jane Stadler and Kelly McWilliam contend the label cult media covers such a broad territory that it cannot be distinguished as a clear category or genre (274). To be a  cult  film, it must have a particular kind of audience who display a particular kind of behavior; behavior which is often  ritualistic.  The Rocky Horror Picture Show  is the archetypal example of a film which, regardless of any esthetic or formal filmic features it may display, developed a dedicated audience following, who would go to tremendous lengths to attend a screening of their worshipped film (Klinger; Mathijs and Sexton). It can be argued that Rocky Horror was the first cros s-over film that spanned the gap between cult and mainstream. With Rocky Horror and a successful shock TV show such as Dexter there is not always a clear difference between cult media and mainstream media. Dexter has an extremely dark side to it and covers controversial topics such as incest and serial killers. In the same vein as Rocky Horror, Dexter can also be regarded as cult media. Going back to what Gwenllian-Jones and Pearson said it is offbeatand it is edgy. It may not have the call and response of Rocky Horror or its music and costumes and dancing in the aisles of the theatre. It is a different genre within cult media with Rocky Horror being a dark musical fantasy and Dexter being a horrific comedy. One of the main differences that distinguishes cult television like Dexter from cult film like Rocky Horror is seriality, where a show like Dexter can develop characters and story lines over many hours (Gwenllian-Jones and Pearson; Klinger). The show has now run for over 70 epis odes and is into season 7 compared to the 100 minutes of Rocky Horror. In summary, even though there have been significant changes to the production, distribution and reception of cult media and despite cultists perceptions that their offbeat and edgy object choices have become too accessible to mass-market audiences, cult media has grown in popularity. It has become more culturally diffuse, especially over the past decade, earning not only a place as a popular marketing term, but also blurring with mainstream entertainment like Hollywoods cult blockbusters like Star Wars, Lord of the Rings and Pirates of the Caribbean  (Klinger; Mathijs and Sexton; Peary; Stadler and McWilliam). As leading media expert Professor Barbara Klinger has observed, the gradual transition of cult media as a result of constant, on-going changes from public, social rituals at cinemas to private, individualistic collectorship in the home viewing environment has popularised cultish activity such as repeated screenings, reciting dialogue, and other viewing rituals. This has all resulted in taking cult media beyond marginal subcultures and allowing it to become more connected to countless types of media and an ever-increasing world-wide fan base.

The Definition of Education :: Education Educating School Teaching Essays

The Definition of Education Education what is it? It is defined as: 1. The act or process of educating or being educated. 2. The knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning process. 3. A program of instruction of a specified kind or level. 4. The field of study that is concerned with the pedagogy of teaching and learning, according to the American Heritage dictionary. Its etymology comes from the Latin word "educatio which means to bring up"1 But what does that tell us. It says to me that education is training not learning. Education trains the youth into what society deems as a productive member. We are not educated to seek out what our interests are . We are educated so we can produce things. The age of art and philosophers is dead due to our age of "so called" education. We are being molded into people who can not think for ourselves. An example of this would be the giant "American War Machine." The government says we need all these weapons to protect America. They do not say who we need protection from. In fact there really is no one we need to be protected from. The Soviet Union is no more and the rest of the world is already years behind in technology. Then why do we spend billions of our dollars on weapons. We spend in order to line the pockets of weapon manufactures. If we thought for ourselves then we would realize that the peop[le in power do not pay us enough or that they are doing underhanded illegal transactions. If we thought for ourselves that would cut into their profit and we all know that can not happen. The Savings and Loans Scandal is a perfect example of this. Big business made a mistake and then instead of dealing with it they pawned there massive losses on the American public. Education is a farce, a cruel joke that the people in power attempt to trick us into believing is the "be all and save all" for success. We are not being educated instead we are being conditioned to serve with the prize being the scraps off the table of those who have the power. Where does it say education is to just simply learn? It is stated nowhere. Education should be about becoming enlightened to the works of the world. I am not saying becoming a lawyer or a business person is wrong or inimical. What I am saying is being a artist or philosopher is just as advantageous. In fact art and philosophy should be made standard issue in

Ogden Nash: An Amazing Poet Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ogden Nash was a poet that used nonsensical and humorous verse to draw people into reading his poems. Then, he would slip in insightful poems that speak a lot about life. His light verse even earned him a place on a postage stamp. His poems contain uneven lines that all rhyme, and he even made up spellings to words to achieve the best effect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick Ogden Nash was born August 19, 1902, in New York. His family thought that education was very important, and this was the basis for his love of languages and writing. At the age of seven, he got an eye infection, so he had to stay in a darkened room for almost a year. During this time, his mother schooled him, and this helped him develop his incredible memory. By the tender age of 10, he was already writing the humorous poetry that he became famous for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He went to Harvard briefly, but his family didn’t have much money, so he had to quit and get a job. His first job was as a high school teacher, then as a bond salesman, then as an advertising copy-writer, then as an editor, and finally as a writer for the â€Å"New Yorker.† He published many of his poems in books, but he also made sure to do lecturing, even though he hated it. The lecturing ensured that he would make enough money to support his family. He died May 19, 1971, in Baltimore, Maryland. His tombstone says that he was a master of light verse. Archibald MacLeish contests that, saying that his poetry is so much more than that. Sure, some of his poems are lig...

Terrorism In The Olympics Essay -- essays research papers

Terrorism and Security in the Olympics Security is a fundamental notion in sports. Nowadays athletes are viewed often through the media, therefore they are recognizable. In the Olympics security measures must be taken to protect the athletes. There are many different nationalities involved therefore security has to be taken in order to ensure that there aren’t conflicting views that could possibly be damaging towards another team. But quite often it cannot be prevented. On the morning of September 5, 1972, the members of the Israeli delegation awoke in their quarters in the Olympic village to the desperate cries of wrestling referee Joseph Gottfreund. Eight Arab commandos (from the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September) broke into the Olympic compound in Munich. In an attempt to create time for an escape, Joseph Gottfreund tried to block off the door to the quarters in order to stall the intruders. He told his colleagues to leave the premises. The terrorist shot and killed him immediately along with Yaakov Springer, the weightlifting referee. Those in the adjoining apartments who were not woken by the muffled cries were woken from the sounds of machine guns. The commandos then took nine others of the eighteen-member Israeli Olympic team hostage. They then settled into the compound for a siege. The terrorists imprisoned and tied up the athletes and their coaches inside the apartments. They were moved into one of the delegates’ roo m where they were guarded by eight of the terrorists. Their weapons included sub-machine guns, pistols and grenades. Moshe Weinberg, a wrestling referee, and Joseph Romano, a weightlifter, were killed during an effort to free themselves from the terrorists. Their reasons for holding the Israelis hostage were that they wanted to persuade the release of two hundred Arab guerrillas that were being held in Israel. The terrorists demanded that the prisoners be flown from Israel to an Arab country, allowing them free passage. West German officials negotiated with the Arab commandos with the help of the Tunisian Ambassador and the representative of the Arab League from Bonn. But unfortunately, this has no effect on what the commandos were trying to accomplish. Their demands were unreasonable, and the Israeli side would not budge from its views. In an attempt to save some of the Israeli hostages, two West German ministers of... ...t thousands of innocent persons gathered at the Olympic Park,† said the director of the FBI. Once again, another Olympics are squandered in the shadow of terrorism. The bombing at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta was not the first time an Olympic Games had been disrupted by terrorism. The Munich disaster had happened in 1972. The lasting images of those Olympic Games are that of a terrorist in a ski mask, and not an athlete in triumph. In contrast to the Atlanta blast, the bomb was placed in an unsecured public area while the Munich attack involved penetrated security and was aimed at the athletes themselves and the nation they represented. Munich’s attack though has prevented other similar situations from happening. Since 1972, the general public has submitted to security searches in airports, arenas and other public events. Living with the possibility of terrorism has made everyone just a little bit more aware of what could happen. With a society as violent as the one existing now, the Olympics are fortunate that they have only been threatened with terrorism twice. But if society keeps progressing the way it is right now, terrorism in more sporting events will be inevitable Terrorism In The Olympics Essay -- essays research papers Terrorism and Security in the Olympics Security is a fundamental notion in sports. Nowadays athletes are viewed often through the media, therefore they are recognizable. In the Olympics security measures must be taken to protect the athletes. There are many different nationalities involved therefore security has to be taken in order to ensure that there aren’t conflicting views that could possibly be damaging towards another team. But quite often it cannot be prevented. On the morning of September 5, 1972, the members of the Israeli delegation awoke in their quarters in the Olympic village to the desperate cries of wrestling referee Joseph Gottfreund. Eight Arab commandos (from the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September) broke into the Olympic compound in Munich. In an attempt to create time for an escape, Joseph Gottfreund tried to block off the door to the quarters in order to stall the intruders. He told his colleagues to leave the premises. The terrorist shot and killed him immediately along with Yaakov Springer, the weightlifting referee. Those in the adjoining apartments who were not woken by the muffled cries were woken from the sounds of machine guns. The commandos then took nine others of the eighteen-member Israeli Olympic team hostage. They then settled into the compound for a siege. The terrorists imprisoned and tied up the athletes and their coaches inside the apartments. They were moved into one of the delegates’ roo m where they were guarded by eight of the terrorists. Their weapons included sub-machine guns, pistols and grenades. Moshe Weinberg, a wrestling referee, and Joseph Romano, a weightlifter, were killed during an effort to free themselves from the terrorists. Their reasons for holding the Israelis hostage were that they wanted to persuade the release of two hundred Arab guerrillas that were being held in Israel. The terrorists demanded that the prisoners be flown from Israel to an Arab country, allowing them free passage. West German officials negotiated with the Arab commandos with the help of the Tunisian Ambassador and the representative of the Arab League from Bonn. But unfortunately, this has no effect on what the commandos were trying to accomplish. Their demands were unreasonable, and the Israeli side would not budge from its views. In an attempt to save some of the Israeli hostages, two West German ministers of... ...t thousands of innocent persons gathered at the Olympic Park,† said the director of the FBI. Once again, another Olympics are squandered in the shadow of terrorism. The bombing at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta was not the first time an Olympic Games had been disrupted by terrorism. The Munich disaster had happened in 1972. The lasting images of those Olympic Games are that of a terrorist in a ski mask, and not an athlete in triumph. In contrast to the Atlanta blast, the bomb was placed in an unsecured public area while the Munich attack involved penetrated security and was aimed at the athletes themselves and the nation they represented. Munich’s attack though has prevented other similar situations from happening. Since 1972, the general public has submitted to security searches in airports, arenas and other public events. Living with the possibility of terrorism has made everyone just a little bit more aware of what could happen. With a society as violent as the one existing now, the Olympics are fortunate that they have only been threatened with terrorism twice. But if society keeps progressing the way it is right now, terrorism in more sporting events will be inevitable

Hamsters and Guinea Pigs Comparison

Katrina 10/23/12 English 1 honors Mr. Martin. Hamster and guinea pigs ESSAY: Hamsters and guinea pigs are two completely different animals. The most obvious difference is that hamsters are very small; they can fit in the palm of your hand. Guinea pigs are much larger, generally weighs around 3 pounds or so when fully grown. Hamsters are native to Europe and Asia while the guinea pig is native to South America. That's one difference which shows they are not related. Although the two eat approximately the same foods, the guinea pig is much larger and is commonly used as a food animal in the Andes Mountains.The hamster is strictly a pet or laboratory animal. Although they are both rodents and are popular as pets, hamster and guinea pigs have many differences such as there body and their behavior. ‘Guinea pig' is the common name for members of the species Cavia porcellus. They are native to South America in the wild, weigh roughly 700-1200 grams, and usually live for around five ye ars. Guinea pigs are tailless, herbivorous, and live in social colonies in the wild. They are active during the day. The guinea pig is very likely to get into space when space habitats are finally developed.They breed easily, have several litters per year, and mature quickly. A guinea pig gets about 5 times the size of a hamster, and eats more like a rabbit. They are both good pets though. They do look a lot alike, but are completely unrelated. Guinea pigs are a whole different species. Possibly not even rodents, scientists are debating that. Guinea pigs are the larger of the two, they don't have a tail but they have a bump where there tail should have been. Guinea pigs are usually the hardest to train but once trained they will be very attached to you. Guinea pigs like to be kept in pair's or groups.A perfect example of a social animal that enjoys each other’s company and like living outside. A guinea pig is bigger, and has a life span of about 5 to 10 years. Hamsters can ac tually be one of several species from the genus Phodopus (dwarf hamsters), Cricetulus (includes dwarf and normal sized species) or Mesocricetus. The most common pet hamster is Mesocricetus auratus, the Syrian hamster. Size of pet hamsters is usually around 5-15cm. The hamsters have little short hairless tails and prefer to live a solitary lifestyle, only coming together to mate.They are omnivores, mostly eating only seeds and fruits, but may also eat things like insects in the wild. Hamsters can live for around 1. 5 to 2 years and are nocturnal, being most active when it is dark. Hamsters are generally nocturnal which means that they will sleep in the night, but you can train them not too. Hamsters aren't as clean as guinea pigs but they can be taught to use a litter box. Hamsters must be kept alone because of the fact that they are very territorial. Hamsters are usually solitary with the exception of dwarfs who can live happily in groups, they have a lifespan from 1. years to 3 yea rs, but some can live longer. There are also different breeds of hamster, ranging from tiny Robo, Chinese & Russian dwarf hamster to bigger Syrian ones. These have small tails. Rats are about 3/4 or even larger than hamsters with long tails. Hamsters bite if they smell food on you. By owning both animals : hamsters and guinea pigs it is safe to say ,guinea pigs are harder to keep clean (as long as you don't put 2 males in a cage with a female nearby), they are â€Å"sweeter† and seem more stable.Guinea pigs are more easily played with , and when they run on the floor you can find them way easier than hamsters! Other than them both being vegetarians and furry they couldn't be much more different. I hope for the sake of any animal that you find out the difference before attempting to keep one. Pets provide us with so much more than companionship. Although there are responsibilities with pet ownership, the benefits greatly outweigh the work. Pets give us benefits not always read ily available from our human companions and that's unconditional love and acceptance.Our pets are always there for us and they are great listeners! A pet never judges us and they continue to love us in spite of our flaws and mistakes. That simple fact can be a stress reducer. One thing I have come into generalization with is no matter how small or big the animal is or how great their differences are. We should assume responsibility for them. We should do our best to nurture, care and love them. That is our responsibility as humans.

Haiku Basho Matsuo

It si often difficult for Westerners to fully appreciate the technical sophistication of Japanese Haiku, either from a technical or thematic point of view. The obvious obstacles in translating Haiku into English combined with cultural differences and linguistic eccentricities such as slang or puns, make the translation of haiku even more formidable than it would otherwise be.Settling on a single English translation of any particular haiku can prove troublesome; however, the brevity of the form, combined with its visceral impact — when executed with skill — allows for an impact of poetic vision which, while based in the same elements as Western poetry: metaphor, assonance, dissonance, rhyme, theme, and imagery — demonstrates an intense compression of poetic language and a refinement of prosody which is slightly more calculated and reserved than much of Western poetry.A good case in point is the poetry of Basho Matsuo whose work is often considered by Western criti cs and observers as the highest representation of Japanese haiku. By and large, the intricacies of Basho's writings in the haiku form are only understood with effort by Western readers. By examining one of his famous haiku, it is possible to take note of those aspects of Basho's writings which are intrinsic to the aesthetic power of his work and also which may be slightly beyond easy appraisal for many readers.The following example of haiku reveals many techniques in diction, imagery, and prosody (or meter); although in translation, the specific notable qualities may be different than in the original work, the translated work retains the â€Å"spirit† of the original and allows for at least a cursory examination of how poetic techniques thrive under the haiku form. The poem: The first soft snow! Enough to bend the leaves Of the jonquil low. The most readily apparent quality of the poem is its imagery.No-one could miss the grand images of falling snow upon a gracefully bending flower. This juxtaposition of seasonal imagery: snow for winter and the jonquil for spring (or summer) functions at many levels, among them, bringing a great range to the poem which in actuality is quite brief, and also by bringing a violent, but wholly balanced, conflict between the images of snow and spring, a conflict which extends to the reader and involves the reader at a deeply symbolic level.By not naming any individual struggle, complaint, or lament — Basho allow the reader to project onto the archetypal symbols of snow and spring, their own subjective responses to the imagery which stimulates a sense of coming change, transition, or even loss. Another key aspect of the imagery of the poem is what might be termed the gesture of the imagery. Just as in a work of sculpture or a painting, the attitude and â€Å"pose† of the i,images in Basho's poem are as important as the images themselves.To create a sense of indelible gesture, Basho's verb â€Å"bends† s ucceeds with great capacity and also conveys a sense of one force bowing gracefully to another, as though the conflict between spring and winter, life and death, warm and cold, are pulled altogether under the image of the gently bending flower which accepts the change of seasons (and its own eventual death in winter) with a delicate bow.Read this way, the image of the jonquil in the poem is anthropomorphisized at leat to the extant that it invites the reader to project themselves into the scene of the poem and most likely view the jonquil as a symbol for themselves or for humanity in the face of changing nature. Because the jonquil bows to the snow, the transmitted meaning of the images in gesture is that man and nature are one.In order to convey this profound message, Basho made use of a sort of figurative language which is not precisely metaphor or simile, but nonetheless connects the image of the jonquil to the image of humanity. The sound of the poem is also important to the tra nsmission of meaning and the prosody of the poem, like its imagery and figurative language, is also a bit outside of typical Western techniques in verse. Spoken aloud, Basho's haiku forwards the idea of an enlightened exclamation, a spontaneous â€Å"ejaculation† of wonder and insight.There is reflectiveness in the poem, despite its brevity, indicated by the alliteration of â€Å"soft snow† and the pointing out of it being â€Å"the first† snow. This alliteration is carried out to the word â€Å"leaves† connecting the images of snow and tree-flowers by diction and assonance. Meanwhile, the abbreviated prosody of haiku allows for a conversational tone of delivery, as though a magnificent insight into nature of one's own being — both in fact — is being communicated in universal terms through the use of ordinary conversation.By using relatively pedestrian language along with intense archetypal imagery, Basho imbues the haiku form with a great b readth and profundity that its short form and controlled meter and theme might in other hands not allow to be attained with such grace or precision. The word â€Å"low† which closes the poem, and also in translation rhymes with the word â€Å"snow,† indicates a harmonious connection to nature and also an acknowledgment of the unknowable mystery of nature.It is as though in the face of the â€Å"snow† of heaven or of the cosmic breadth of the universe, the jonquil simply bows low with respect and is then taken into the protective embrace of nature. That this insight is delivered with the easy, controlled and conversational idiom of haiku demonstrates a plastic connection of the cosmic and personal, the profound and trivial, the poetic and ordinary, which is a paradigm which seems intrinsic to the haiku form itself.