Atomistic Fabrication Technology to Enhance Accuracy

Atomistic Fabrication Technology to Enhance Accuracy Importance of Atomistic Fabrication Technology to Enhance Machining Accuracy During Electrochemical Machining of Metals Ritesh Upadhyay, Arbind Kumar P.K. Srivastava Abstract Atomistic fabrication technology fully utilizes physical and chemical phenomena with atomistic and electronic understanding. In the case of mechanical machining many defects are introduced when pushing the tool on the workpiece surface and then atoms on the workpiece surface are removed by the displacement and multiplication of such defects. Therefore many defects remain on the workpiece surface after mechanical machining. Machining accuracy is considerably affected by disturbances such as thermal deformation and external vibration because removal depth is dependent on the cutting depth of the tool and is very difficult to manufacture precision products by mechanical machining. In the case of atomistic fabrication technology surface atoms are naturally removed by chemical reaction caused by reactive species and therefore no deformed layer on the workpiece surface. A very high-precision product can be easily manufactured with stable physical and chemical phenomenon used for removal re action. In this paper possibility of atomic level removal of work piece (Iron workpiece) have been explored. The current and voltage requirements for removal of few thousand atoms will be calculated along with. the mechanism of removal of metals in relation with over-voltage and conductivity. Introduction The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at the molecular level, atom by atom, to create large structures with fundamentally new molecular organization. Compared to the behavior of isolated molecules of about 1 nm (10 -9 m) or of bulk materials, behavior of structural features in the range of about 10-9 to 10-7 m exhibit important changes. Nanotechnology is concerned with materials and systems whose structures and components exhibit novel and significantly improved physical and chemical processes due to their nanoscale size. The goal is to exploit these properties by gaining control of structures and devices at atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels and to learn efficient manufacturing and use these devices 1-4. Maintaining the stability of interfaces and the integration of these nanostructures at micron-length and macroscopic scales are all keys to success. New behavior at the nanoscale is not necessarily predictable from that observed at large size scales.The most important changes in behavior are caused not by the order of magnitude size reduction, but by newly observed phenomena intrinsic to or becoming predominant at the nanoscale5-6. These phenomena include size confinement, predominance of interfacial phenomena and quantum mechanics. Once it becomes possible to control feature size, it will also become possible to enhance material properties and device functions Being able to reduce the dimensions of structures down to the nanoscale leads to the unique properties of carbon nanotubes, quantum wires and dots Nanotechnology is the exploitation of the novel and improved physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties, phenomena, and processes of systems that are intermediate in size between isolated atoms/molecules and bulk materials, where phenomena length and time scales become comparable to those of the structure. It impl ies the ability to generate and utilize structures, components, and devices with a size range from about 0.1 nm (atomic and molecular scale) to about 100 nm by control at atomic, molecular and macromolecular levels. Novel properties occur compared to bulk behavior because of the small structure size and short time scale of various processes7-8. Electrochemical Reaction When the current passed through a NaCl electrolyte solution following reaction occure NaCl = Na+ + Cl H2O = H + + OH The positive ions moves towards cathode and negative ions moves towards anode. Each Na+ ions gain an electron and is converted to Na . Hence Na+ ions are reduced at the cathode by means of electrons. Cathode Reaction: Na+ + e = Na Na +H2O = NaOH + H+ 2H+ + 2e = H2 It shows that only hydrogen gas evolve at cathode and there will be no deposition Anode Reaction: Fe = Fe2+ +2e Fe2+ + 2Cl = FeCl2 Fe2+ + 2OH = Fe (OH)2 FeCl2+ 2OH = Fe(OH)2 + 2Cl 2Cl →Cl2 + 2e 2FeCl2 + Cl2 = 2FeCl3 H+ + Cl = HCl 2Fe(OH)2 +H2O +O2 = 2Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl = FeCl3 + 3H2O FeCl3 + 3NaOH = Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl Theoretical Aspects Building block atoms play an important role in future atmostic fabrication technology. Material removal rate for removal of Fe work piece at atomic level have been calculated by using Faraday’s law. Where MRR = Metal Removal Rate , A = Atomic weight, I = Current, Z = valency, F = faraday’s constant . The results are shown in figure 1, Fig 1 Plot of Metal Removal Rate against Current Density, A=55.85,Z=2,F=96500 It is clear from the figure that very low current is needed for atomic scale removal of iron atoms from the iron work piece. The requirement of voltage for removal of iron at atomic scale have been calculated using ohm’s Law and shown in figure 2 Fig 2 Plot of Metal Removal Rate against Voltage, where specific conduction=0.0387ohm-1 cm-1others  parameter are same as in figure 1. It is clear from the figure that voltage requirement is very low. The current and voltage data for removal of few thousand atoms shows that conductivity and over-voltage play important role in current carrying process. Effect of electrolyte conductivity on MRR: Electrolytes are substances that become ions in solution and having capacity to conduct electricity. The electrolyte has three main functions in the ECM process. It carries the current between the tool and the workpiece, it removes the product of the reaction from the cutting region, and it removes the heat produced by the current flow in the operation. Electrolytes must have high conductivity, low toxicity and corrosivity, and chemical and electrochemical stability. The rate of material removal in ECM is governed by Faraday’s laws and is function of current density which depends upon the concentration of electrolyte with increase in concentration of electrolyte the MRR increases continuously up to a limiting value after which if further increase in concentration is made the MRR decreases due to decrease in ionic mobility. Effect of Over voltage: The over-voltage is the important parameter which restrict the material removal rate and is sensitive to tool feed rate and equilibrium machining gap. Material removal rate decreases due to increase in over voltage and decrease in current efficiency, which is directly related to the conductivity of the electrolyte solution. Over voltage was calculated as: à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾V = V – where à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾V = over voltage, V = applied voltage, Ï = density of work piece, F = Faraday constant, K = conductivity / specific conductance of electrolyte solution, A = atomic number of work piece metal, Ye = equilibrium gap and f = tool feed rate. The variation of over voltage with equilibrium gap is shown in Figure 3 which indicate that over-voltage decreases linearity with increase in equilibrium gap. When equilibrium gap approaches to zero, over voltage approaches to applied voltage. Figure 4 shows variation of tool feed rate with overvoltage, which shows that over voltage decreases sharply with penetration rate and goes to negative side after a certain tool feed rate. Negative value of V, seems to be unreal because un-matching long range values of penetration rate for single fixed value of equilibrium gap. Fig 3. Plot of Over voltage against equilibrium machining gap Fig 4. Plot of over voltage against penetration gap Conclusion: The effort is made to focus on the importance of atomistic fabrication technology with the effect of key factors like over voltage and electrolyte concentration influencing the quality of machined surface and dimensional accuracy. The application of this technology during machining of metals and alloys proves that the electrochemical reactions can be used for nanometer accuracy, which allows high precision machining. The set up including power supply, electronic circuit, tool and electrolyte feed devices have been proposed to perform nano electrochemical machining in order to enhance the machining accuracy. References: Mukherjee S.K, Kumar S , and Srivastava P.K effect of electrolyte on the current- carrying process in electrochemical machining. J . Mechanical Engineering Science 221,1415 -1419 2007. Stotes J, Lostao A, Gomez C, Moreno , Baro A.M. Jumping mode AFM imaging of biomolecules in the repulsive electrical double layer ultra microscopy 1-6 2007. McGeough, J.A. principles of electrochemical machining chapterIII (chapman,Hall.London) 1974. Ma, and R. Schuster, Locally enhanced cathodoluminescence of electrochemically  fabricated gold nanostructures, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 662, pp. 12–16, 2011. McGenough J A, Leu M, Rajurkar K P, et al. â€Å"Electroforming process and application to  micro/macro manufacturing. CIRP Annals—Manufacturing Technology†, 50(2): 499-514, 2001. Zhang Z Y, Zhu D, Wang M H. â€Å"Theoretical and experimental research into electrochemical  micromachining using nanosecond pulse† Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering;  43(1): 208-213, 2007 [in Chinese]. Lee E S, Baek S Y,Cho C R. â€Å"A study of the characteristics for electrochemical micromachining with  ultrashort voltage pulses† The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology; 31(7-8):  762-769, 2005. Schuster R., Kirchner V, Allonue P, and Ertl G, â€Å"Electrochemical micromachining,† Science 289, 98–  101_2007. Datta M, Shenoy R. V, and Romankiw L. T, â€Å"Recent advances in the study of electrochemical  micromachining,† ASME J. Eng. Ind. 118, 29–36,1996. Datta M, â€Å"Microfabrication by electrochemical metal removal,† IBM J. Res. Dev. 42, 655–669,1998.   Rajurkar K.P, Kozak J, and Wei B, Study of Pulse Electrochemical Machining Characteristics â€Å"Annals  International College for Production Research† Vol. 42, 231-234, 1993. Hocheng, H., Kao, P. S. and Lin, S. C., â€Å"Prediction of the Eroded Profile during Electrochemical  Machining of Hole,† Proc. JSME/ASME Int. Conf. Materials and Processing, pp. 303_307 (2002).   Keown, Mc. P. A., â€Å"The Role of Precision Engineering in Manufacturing of the Future,† Annals CIRP,  Vol.36, pp. 495_501 (1987). â€Å"Electrochemical Machining in Production Technology, HMT, Bangalore, Tata McGraw Hill  Publishing Company, New Delhi, India, p. 478 (1980).

Technology in the Classroom Essay -- Technology Technological Essays

Technology in the Classroom Classrooms of the future will be different than they are today; as they will include more and newer forms of technology. These technological advances will be readily available for use by both students and teachers. I see my classroom making use of the many forms of technology that are available, including: PowerPoint presentations, electron microscopes, video conferencing, web-sites, and smart boards. These many forms of technology available will serve both educational and informational purposes. As technology changes so too must classrooms. This is why I see my classroom being different than those of today, the ones we are used to. I see my students making more use of PowerPoint for their presentations. This will be in place of posters and will help get students ready, early on, for more technology that can be a little challenging. PowerPoint could also help more with the creative process and be used for small (2 or 3 students) group work. Working on these presentations would be very beneficial for cooperation skills as well as make use of communication. Students would also take more ownership of their presentation when they invest more time with it, a great advantage of PowerPoint. Although PowerPoint is already widely available for upper lever classrooms, middle school and beyond, I can foresee them used in elementary school as well, third grade and beyond. Electron microscopes will also be used in my classroom to help with insects on insects or other small animals. These will most likely be used in a science environment and would aid in better understanding of anatomies. For example, a classroom from the Clear View Charter School used these ... ...s and becomes more advanced, readily available for use, so too will my classroom. I will adapt teaching and learning approaches, for students, with use of new and innovative technologies. Students will make use of technology and become more involved with the lesson being taught. As a result, learning would happen with more ease and less confusion. Works Cited Orrep, Becky. (2005). Smart Boards. Wyoming Tribune-Eagle. Retrieved April 19, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://web.gvtechnologies.com/products/smart-boards.htm GLEF Staff. (2000). The Project’s Culmination. Edutopia. Retrieved April 19, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.edutopia.org/php/article.php?id=Art_638 GLEF Staff. (2000). Student Researchers. Edutopia. Retrieved April 19, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.edutopia.org/php/article.php?id=Art_632

The Life and Work of Chaim Potok :: essays research papers

The Life and Work of Chaim Potok Chaim Potok lives a very full life he has served his country, peoples, and religion very well and with great impact. First, to be discussed is his life birth through the present. He was born at a very early age on February 17, 1929, in New York, New York to Benjamin and Mollie Potok. The first university he went to was Yeshiva University where he graduated in 1950 with a B.A., summa cum laude, in English Literature. He also went to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America where he left with an M.H.L. and a rabbinic ordination in 1954. Finally, he graduated the University of Pennsylvania with a doctorate in philosophy in 1965. Mr. Potok is married now since June 8, 1958, to Adena Sara Mosevitzsky. They have 3 children Rena, Chaim worked for the better of his people and religion with both his occupations and his writings. He worked as an instructor at the University of Judaism 1957 to 1959. He was on the faculty of the Teachers Institute, Jewish Theological Seminary from 1964 to 1965. He was also editor-in-chief of the Jewish Publication Society of America 1965 to 1974. He is currently the chairman of the Publication Committee at The Jewish Publications Society. Chaim Potok also served his people and religion through all of his writings which are all in some way related to or involve Judaism. Now, to go in-depth into his writings. First, his novels. The first novel Potok wrote was The Chosen, which won him the Edward Lewis Wallant award, in 1969, here is a quotation about that book: "So why did Potok's book make such a heavy impression on me?... he takes a meager story, told in plain words, about two Jewish boys who are radically unlike me and turns it into something so universal I couldn't help getting pulled in by it. " -Lea Davis The next novel he wrote was the sequel to The Chosen, The Promise, in 1969, which also won him an award, The Athenaeum Prize. After that, he wrote My Name is Asher Lev in 1972. His next novel In the Beginning was written in 1975. Then he wrote The Book of Lights in 1981. In 1985 he wrote Davita's Harp. In 1990 he wrote The Gift of Asher Lev which won him The National Jewish Book Award for Fiction. Which brings us to his most recent novel I Am the Clay from 1992. Chaim Potok also wrote a couple of children's books The Tree of Here and The Sky of Now in 1993 and 1995 respectively. The Life and Work of Chaim Potok :: essays research papers The Life and Work of Chaim Potok Chaim Potok lives a very full life he has served his country, peoples, and religion very well and with great impact. First, to be discussed is his life birth through the present. He was born at a very early age on February 17, 1929, in New York, New York to Benjamin and Mollie Potok. The first university he went to was Yeshiva University where he graduated in 1950 with a B.A., summa cum laude, in English Literature. He also went to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America where he left with an M.H.L. and a rabbinic ordination in 1954. Finally, he graduated the University of Pennsylvania with a doctorate in philosophy in 1965. Mr. Potok is married now since June 8, 1958, to Adena Sara Mosevitzsky. They have 3 children Rena, Chaim worked for the better of his people and religion with both his occupations and his writings. He worked as an instructor at the University of Judaism 1957 to 1959. He was on the faculty of the Teachers Institute, Jewish Theological Seminary from 1964 to 1965. He was also editor-in-chief of the Jewish Publication Society of America 1965 to 1974. He is currently the chairman of the Publication Committee at The Jewish Publications Society. Chaim Potok also served his people and religion through all of his writings which are all in some way related to or involve Judaism. Now, to go in-depth into his writings. First, his novels. The first novel Potok wrote was The Chosen, which won him the Edward Lewis Wallant award, in 1969, here is a quotation about that book: "So why did Potok's book make such a heavy impression on me?... he takes a meager story, told in plain words, about two Jewish boys who are radically unlike me and turns it into something so universal I couldn't help getting pulled in by it. " -Lea Davis The next novel he wrote was the sequel to The Chosen, The Promise, in 1969, which also won him an award, The Athenaeum Prize. After that, he wrote My Name is Asher Lev in 1972. His next novel In the Beginning was written in 1975. Then he wrote The Book of Lights in 1981. In 1985 he wrote Davita's Harp. In 1990 he wrote The Gift of Asher Lev which won him The National Jewish Book Award for Fiction. Which brings us to his most recent novel I Am the Clay from 1992. Chaim Potok also wrote a couple of children's books The Tree of Here and The Sky of Now in 1993 and 1995 respectively.

Bill Clinton :: Essays Papers

Bill Clinton Born on Aug. 19, 1946, in Hope, Ark., William (Bill) Jefferson Blythe IV grew up in a troubled home. His father had died in an automobile accident three months before his son's birth, and his mother later was forced to leave her two-year-old son with his grandparents when she moved to New Orleans to pursue her nursing studies. The family settled in Hot Springs, Ark., after his mother married Roger Clinton, whose surname Bill later adopted. As a young man, Bill was determined to succeed and frequently earned academic honors, including selection as a delegate to the American Legion Boy's Nation program in Washington, D.C., where the 16-year-old Clinton met Pres. John F. Kennedy and determined to embark on a political career. Attending Georgetown University to study international affairs, Clinton served as an intern for Sen. J. William Fulbright of Arkansas before receiving his B.S. degree in 1968. After winning a Rhodes scholarship to Oxford University, Clinton returned to the United States to enroll at Yale Law School. In 1972 he helped to manage presidential candidate George McGovern's Texas campaign. After graduating from law school in 1973, Clinton returned to Arkansas to teach and to plan his political career. On Oct. 11, 1975, he married Hillary Rodham, a fellow law student he had met at Yale. After 12 years of Republican control of the presidency, Clinton came to office amid high expectations for fundamental policy change. Early in his administration he reversed a number of Republican policies. He ended the federal prohibition on the use of fetal tissue for medical research, repealed rules restricting abortion counseling in federally funded health clinics, and used his appointment power to fulfill a promise to place many women and minorities in prominent government positions. Although backed by a Congress controlled by the Democratic party, Clinton found it difficult to change the course of national priorities during his first two years in office. Early in his administration several of his appointees encountered congressional disapproval. His proposal to end the ban on homosexuals in the military met with widespread opposition from Congress, the military, and the public and had to be altered substantially. Clinton had promised to reverse the Bush policy of returning Haitian refugees to their homeland, but he eventually decided to continue implementing his predecessor's plan. The failure to enact comprehensive health-care reform proved to be a major setback for Clinton.

Foundation of Business Law

Charlie is going to rescind the contract. He demands return of his money and compensation for the loss of commission on several high profile sales of his business. He wants to rescind the contract because the package of software recommend by Carmine was obsolete, despite Carmine’s assurances. This problem is concerned with the contents of the contract which is term in the contract, the misrepresentation and unconscionable conduct.Charlie will claim that Carmine verbal assurances about the condition of the package of the software which recommended by Carmine was unable to utilise the Land Titles Office’s electronic lodgement of documents. Carmine will refer to the written contract which contains a clause that there is no warranty is given about or the quality of the software. But the parol evidence will support Carmine’s contention that the contract between Charlie and Carmine which contains all the terms of the agreement.As these terms are clear and unambiguous, but there are no evidence can be admitted to change their contract. Charlie will claim that the â€Å"Contract of Sales† because that contract between he and Carmine was no in complete record. He will persist that it is an unclear and ambiguous written contract. If want applying the guidelines for the incorporation of oral terms it should show the guarantee about the software package in the term of the contract: * Timing of the statement Before signing the contract, Carmine have already assured Charlie.About that the software package was widely used by several of well-established real agencies in South Australia and was â€Å"more than adequate for a small agency which was treated as a term: Van den Esschert v Chappell (1960) WAR 114. * Where one of the parties has special skill and knowledge Carmine is a representative of Realtor Data Ltd which is a computer company that specialises in software for the real estate industry. So he has more knowledge and skill about the softw are than Charlie: Dick Bentley Productions v Harold Smith Motors (1965) 1 WLR 623. * Importance of the statementBefore signing the contract, Carmine has already repeated a request for assurance that the software can download all the conveyancing forms necessary for electronic lodgement at the Lands Titles Office, in the statement about the software was very important in the minds of both parties: Couchman v Hill (1947) KB 554. * Reduction of the term into writing The court will ask Charlie, why he does not persist to record the term in the written Contract of Sale: Routledge v Mckay (1954) 1 All ER 855. Charlie was unaware about the package of the software because he only has a basic knowledge about the software.Charlie can claim that the promise made by Carmine: ‘he assured Charlie would meet all his agency equipment’, it is a term of a separate or collateral contract which is supported by the consideration of entering into the main contract: De Lassalle v Guildford (1 901) 2 KB 215. The requirements of a collateral contract are as follow: * Promissory statement In the statement must have been promissory: JJ Savage & Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney (1970) 119 CLR 435. Carmine has already assured Charlie that he would meet all his agency requirements, which have already makes a promissory to Charlie.That mean the package of software can help Charlie download all the conveyancing forms necessary for electronic lodgement at the Charlie’s office. * Intention The promissory statement must have induced the other party to enter the contract: J Evan & Son (Portsmouth) Ltd v Andrea Merzario Ltd (1976) 1 WLR 1078. Charlie had signed and entered into the contract because Carmine assured Charlie that the package of software was widely used by several companies in South Australia and it is adequate for a small agency. Besides hat, Carmine also assured that Charlie would meet all his agency requirements. So, Charlie was induced and signed the contract. * No incon sistency There must be no inconsistency between the collateral contract and the term of the main contract: Hoyts v Spencer (1919) 27 CLR 133. This is an area difficultly for Charlie because the written contract does not record the oral promissory made by Carmine. Charlie asked Carmine that is the software suitable for his company use and Carmine has assured Charlie that it is suitable for his company but this is not written in the contract.Charlie has signed the contract without noticing that parol was not recorded in the written contract. If he sign the contract that means he has confirm the contract. Charlie would succeed in an action for misrepresentation. Carmine has made a statement of fact about the package of software (‘this package is widely used by several of well-established real agencies in South Australia wand was more than adequate for a small agency’) that is false and which has induced Charlie to signed and entered the contract. As a result of Carmine mis representation Charlie has suffered loss and damage of his company.It is fraudulent misrepresentation because Carmine knew that the package of software had already obsolete and had lie to make the sale. Charlie can rescind the contract and claim loss in the tort of deceit: Derry v Peek- Graw 12. 7. 2). Charlie can rescind the contract for unconscionable conduct. Carmine has destroyed the inequality in bargaining power that exists between him and Charlie. He is in much stronger position as a software dealer compared to Charlie who is in the weaker position as he just has basic knowledge of the software: CBA v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447.Conclusion * The parol evidence rule support Carmine contention that the contract between Charlie and Carmine contains all the terms of the agreement. * Charlie would argue that the contract is partly written and partly oral contract, so that is an incomplete contract. * Charlie can seek rescission of the contract and claim Carmine that his damages in t ort of fraudulent misrepresentation. * Charlie can rescind the contract between him and Carmine. References Foundation of Business Law 2012

Guidance Services

GUIDANCE SERVICES IN ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY & TRETIARY LEVELThe school is expected to provide more than just teaching and instruction. A school programme includes all those activities other than instructional which are carried out to render assistance to pupils in their educational, vocational, personal development and adjustment.GUIDANCE SERVICES IN ELEMENTARYThe elementary school counsellor serves the needs of all elementary students, to help them develop, academically, socially and emotionally. The school counsellor’s role is constantly changing, reflecting the needs of the many people in our school community; children, parents, teachers, and administrators. A variety of services are provided: Guidance LessonsThe elementary guidance curriculum is child-centred and developmental – considers the characteristics and needs of each age and grade level. The curriculum encourages students to:– develop positive self-image – become more aware of the relationships between themselves and others – recognize their own needs and goals Individual Counselling ServicesElementary school counsellors meet individually with students to provide support for school-related issues. The counselling strategies vary with each student’s needs and are provided on a short-term basis as determined by the school counsellor. Students can refer themselves to the counsellor or can be referred by parents, teachers, or other school staff. Group Counselling ServicesElementary school counsellors meet with small groups of students on various topics. Topics are determined by the children’s needs and interests.ConsultationSchool counsellors, parents, and teachers work together to support children. Elementary school counsellors work with parents: – to exchange and gather information – to provide recommendations; and – to discuss parenting concernsElementary school counsellors work with teachers, administrators, and other staff: †“ to provide information, materials and referral assistance – to address student needs, especially within the Instructional Support Team (IST); and – to promote a positive learning environment.Is it time to speak with the counsellor?Parents should feel free to call the counsellor when they notice certain signs of potential problem in their child: – You see a dramatic change in your child’s behaviour. A happy child becomes withdrawn. A friendly child wants to be alone. – There’s been a change in your family. A new marriage, a severe illness, a divorce or a new baby can all effect school work. -Your child begins acting out and fails to respond to your usual methods of discipline. The behaviour that you see at home may also be occurring at school.GUIDANCE SERVICES IN SECONDARYThe Guidance Department is committed to helping students successfully navigate through high school academically, socially, and personally. This begins with the guidance counsellors visiting the middle schools to help 8th grade students make informed decisions about course selection and getting involved in school activities at the high school. This is done in conjunction with an eighth grade parent night to introduce parents to the high school. ONCE STUDENTS HAVE TRANSITIONED IN AS FRESHMEN, meet the ninth graders in groups to stress the importance of being an active participant in their high school education. It is important for students to understand early on that the decisions they make as freshmen can impact their future plans.IN THE SOPHOMORE YEAR, administer the PLAN assessment to all 10th graders and then schedule individual meetings with the students and parents to begin the discussion and planning for what comes after high school. We often refer to this meeting as â€Å"The Kick-off† to the college planning process. BY JUNIOR YEAR, students should be in full gear with their post secondary planning and help jump start this by providin g students with the tools to get started in group sessions. THE COMPREHENSIVE GUIDANCE PLAN CULMINATES IN THE SENIOR YEAR , with individual meetings with seniors and  their parents to help guide them through the post-secondary and college application process. -Donna Lyons, Director of GuidanceTHE GOALS OF THE SCHOOL COUNSELING PROGRAM ARE:†¢To help students in developing the ability to make decisions regarding personal, social, and educational matters. †¢To assist parent/guardian(s) in developing skills needed to support the student’s post-secondary enrolment and career exploration processes. †¢To support personalized assessment of the educational and career options available to each student. †¢To make appropriate referrals concerning community and school resources. †¢To assist students, parents, and others involved in addressing concerns and issues associated with the classroom and school environment. †¢To assist in the implementation of progr am accommodations granted as part of approved special education Individual Education Plans (IEP) or regular education 504 plans.Test PreparationThe Guidance Services Department at most schools offers students test preparation materials to help the students prepare for the various standardized tests they are exposed to during their middle school and high school careers.Program PlanningProgram planning is another key service offered by guidance departments. Program planning involves helping the student decide what classes he wants to take during his middle school and high school career. Program planning not only helps the student decide what electives to take and what classes are best for his academic abilities, it ensures that the classes the student is taking fulfil the high school's graduation requirements.Individual/Group CounsellingIndividual counselling and group counselling comprise counselling sessions held between a guidance counsellor and a student or group of students. Thes e sessions seek to address psychological, social and academic issues that can range from problems with school work, to bullying, to health concerns like depression. During these types of sessions, the parents of the student may be contacted and the student may be referred to an outside agency if the  problem warrants such action.College/Career PlanningThis service seeks to help students decide what they want to do after they are finished with their high school career. If the student wants to attend college after high school, the school selection and application process can be overseen or aided by the guidance counsellor. If the student wishes to enter the workforce immediately after high school, the guidance counsellor can aid the student in finding work, resume building, interview etiquette and many other employment-seeking skills.Guidance and Counselling has been defined as a profession involving an â€Å"integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning individual p rimarily by helping him /her to utilize his/her potentials to the fullest and plan his/her present and future in accordance with his/her abilities, interests and needs.†(RA 9258, Rule 1, Section 3) The PSHS-CARC Guidance Program is based on the needs of the starting campus and its budgetary limitations.Sponsored Link2014 Scholarships Scholarships for Students Undergraduate, Masters, PhD etc scholarship-positions.comGUIDANCE SERVICES IN TERTIARYInformation This refers to the intentional and purposive delivery of information to students; the primary purpose is to enable students to use said information to guide their choices and actions inside and outside of the University. Information varies and may be categorized as institutional, educational, occupational, and personal. Modes of delivery include dissemination through bulletin board, postings, flyers, brochures, orientations, meetings, and consultations.Individual InventoryThis refers to the process of accumulating and analyzi ng information about students on an individual basis through the use of an inventory form and through routine interview. Data solicited may include demographic information, academic records, psychological assessment data, and personal needs and problems. Data may be used to check for students who may need  counselling or specialized guidance services, and to inform the development and enhancement of student services.TestingConsistent with the objective of being able to assess relevant educational and psychological data from students, a testing program is designed and implemented. The testing program aims to help the students gain understanding of their needs and personality, to realize their potentials, to identify their strengths and weaknesses, and to know the implications of these. The main task of this service is the administration, scoring, and interpretation of standardized psychological tests of personality, interest, needs, aptitude, and intelligence, as well as the develo pment and use of affective scales that can be used to come up with a more complete picture of a student's traits or characteristics.CounsellingThis refers to the purposive interaction between student and counsellor, individually or in groups where the needs, problems, or difficulties of the student are shared, examined, and processed with the end goal of empowering the student to effectively manage his concerns. Areas of concern can be academic, personal, or social in nature and may focus on one's personality, emotion, attitude, values, or actual behaviour, Students can avail of counselling voluntarily (walk-in) or by referral from faculty, counsellors, parents, and other students.Personality Education Program This is a curriculum-based psycho-educational program designed to facilitate the total personality development, psychological wellness, and life adjustment of students.Career DevelopmentThis refers to the set of services specifically designed to assist students in their career planning and choices. These services can be categorized as career education (i.e. seminar on writing an effective resume); career information (i.e. job postings); and career placement (i.e. job fair).Special Guidance ServicesDevelopmental Learning SessionsThis refers to seminars or workshops facilitated by counsellors or invited resource persons on topics not covered by the information service and personality education classes. The aim of such program is to facilitate the learning experience of students on a wide variety of topics that could help them in their adjustment in school and life in general.Psychotherapeutic Intervention ProgramThis refers to programs specifically planned, designed, and implemented to meet the need of a particular group of students (i.e. athletes, single-mothers). The aim of such program is to promote psychological wellness and prevent future incidents of maladjustments or to remedy an already existing case of maladjustments among students belonging to sp ecial target groups.Research and EvaluationResearch is a guidance function where the counsellors develop and implement research plans that would generate empirical data about students and student’s life that could be used to inform policy and decision-making in the University, especially on matters relevant to student welfare and development, and to inform the direction and suitability of the various guidance services.Evaluation is a guidance function where the counsellors develop and implement assessment and evaluation plans that would provide soft and hard data on the quality, results, and impact of the various student services and programs. Evaluation data can be used as basis for enhancement of existing programs and development of new programs. Referral and ConsultationCounselling or clinical cases deemed beyond the level of expertise or resources of the faculty counsellors are referred to others to ascertain that students in such cases would be able to benefit from the b est available intervention.Follow-upThis refers to the formal and systematic monitoring of the individual progress of current students who have undergone academic advising, counselling, referral, placement, or any special intervention program. Returning students and those who are in academic probation are also monitored whenever needed. http://www.pnu.edu.ph/page/osass_guidance.php

Blue Nile case study Essay

How strong are the competitive forces confronting Blue Nile and other online retail jewelers? Do a five-force analysis to support your answer. The competition among the competing sellers in the industry is strong. Competitors for Blue Nile not only include the online jewelry sellers such as Diamonds.com, Whiteflash.com, Ice.com and JamesAllen.com, but also include brick-and-mortar jewelers, chain department stores, mass merchants, local jewelry shop, and large jewelry chains such as Zale and Tiffany. The competitive force from new entrants is moderate to weak. The new entrants of the traditional jewelry industry will need a large amount of capital for inventory, established brands to attract customers, and a strong sales team. For new online jewelry sellers, they also need to find ways to build their brand awareness, establish partnership with suppliers, and to keep the operation costs low to ensure attractive prices. The competition from substitute products for jewelry sellers is also moderate to weak. There are synthetic diamonds, manmade jewels and alternative jewels. But for engagement rings and wedding bands, people would still choose those real and precious diamonds and materials. Thus, from this aspect, there could not be substitutes for diamonds and expensive jewels. The bargaining power from the buyers is strong since there are many choices for them to purchase jewelry from. It is easy for customers to change their source for purchase. The bargaining power from the suppliers is strong for the prices for diamond and precious metals depend more on the exchange market in the world. There are limited suppliers creating an established oligopoly over the years. 2. What key factors will determine a company’s success in the online jewelry business in the next 3-5 years? Key success factors in the online jewelry business include the following ones: 1) Lower operation costs to keep prices lower than rivals 2) Partnership with suppliers to reduce inventory 3) Build customers’ trust and loyalty 4) Strong e-commerce capabilities 5) Manufacture customized products 3. What is Blue Nile’s strategy? Which of the five generic competitive strategies discussed in Chapter 5 most closely fit the competitive approach that Blue Nile is taking? What type of competitive advantage is Blue Nile trying to achieve? Blue Nile’s strategy is to be the Best Cost Provider. It provides the customer high quality engagement rings, wedding bands and jewelry with low prices to value seeking customers. Blue Nile tries to achieve low costs of its operation and marketing thus maintain its competitive advantage in prices. 4. What do you like and dislike about Blue Nile’s business model? Blue Nile’s business model is to make profits through its online sale of high-quality jewelry at competitive low prices with trusted guidance throughout the purchasing process. The model I like is that it provides value to its suppliers and customers which in return bring about their profits. The lean costs and supply chain efficiency enable them to achieve this goal. Another aspect of the model I like is that they provide a high level of customer service and was continuously engaged in refining the customer service aspects in every step of the purchase order. The business model places great importance on customers’ satisfaction which would help their business to grow. The model I don’t like is that they don’t have their own brand of jewelry established and they depend too much on the jewelry of their suppliers. Quality of their jewelry as well as the brand effects could not be competitive with other well-known brands. 5. What does a SWOT analysis of Blue Nile reveal about the overall attractiveness of its situation? Strengths: 1). Offer high-quality jewelry at competitive prices 2). Provide great customer services 3). Efficient supply chain management 4). Good financial condition with a positive amount of cash flows Weakness: 1). Brand name not widely recognized as Zale and Tiffany 2). only sell online 3). Restricted to US, UK and Canada. Opportunities: 1). Growing jewelry market in US 2).Many recognitions in the online jewelry industry Threats: 1). Competitors from online and offline jewelry retailers 2). Seasonal sale of jewelry 6. What is your appraisal of Blue Nile’s financial performance based on the data in case Exhibit 4? How well is the company doing financially? Is there evidence that Blue Nile’s strategy is working—what is the story of the numbers in case Exhibit 4? Use the financial ratios in Table 4.1 of Chapter 4 as a guide in doing the calculations needed to arrive at an analysis-based answer to your assessment of Blue Nile’s recent financial performance. Blue Nile has adequate competitive strength to compete with its online rivals. It has already created brand awareness and brand loyalty among most of its customers. It also has a large number of jewelry selections thanks to its extensive partnership with jewelry suppliers. The efficient supply management also ensures the low prices of their products. It has built a sustainable competitive advantage in the online retail jewelry business. For offline competitors, Blue Nile should work on putting more marketing efforts to make more people know about their brand and build its brand into a reliable high-quality image. 8. What strategic issues and problems does Blue Nile management need to address? Issues and problems Blue Nile Management need to address: 1). Lack of marketing and advertising makes Blue Nile still unknown to many potential customers. Blue Nile should explore more advertising channels to promote its brand image. 2). International efforts to reach the global market are slow. They currently only reach out to UK and Canada. Blue Nile should try to tap more potential global market and explore new markets. 9. What recommendations would you make to Blue Nile management to strengthen its competitive position and future strategic and financial performance? Blue Nile management should keep on providing customers jewelry at low costs while maintain its high quality of jewelry and customer services. Reducing the costs would help ensure the low prices and continuous efforts on educating the customers and assuring their purchase decisions would help Blue Nile to strengthen its competitive position.